Japanese comics and cartooning ("manga"),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books,[46] and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines,[47] and sound effects.[48]
Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced
Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New
publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and
at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements
began to appear,[49] as well as some American comic strips.[46]
1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense,[45] and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip.[50]
By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly
girls' and boys' magazine, and collected into hardback volumes.[51]
The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka,[52] and the comic strip Sazae-san.[53]
Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades,[54] with comics aimed at shōnen ("boys") and shōjo ("girls") audiences making up the most significant markets.[citation needed]
Comics are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories;[55] they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books.[56] At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics.[57] translations became extremely popular in foreign markets—in some cases equalling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.[58]
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