Haragei

Haragei (腹芸^?) is a concept in Japanese interpersonal communication and martial arts.

Literally translated, the term means "stomach art", and it refers to an exchange of thoughts and feelings that is implied in conversation, rather than explicitly stated.^[1] It can also denote charisma or strength of personality.^[2] It is considered difficult for non-Japanese, particularly Westerners, to fully understand.^[1]

In negotiation, haragei is characterised by euphemisms, vague and indirect statements, prolonged silences and careful avoidance of any comment that might potentially give offense.^[3] Information is communicated through timing, facial expression and emotional context, rather than through direct speech.^[4]

It is sometimes considered a duplicitous tactic in negotiation, and is often viewed in the West with suspicion.;^[5] it can also be misconstrued by those with limited experience in the tactic, as in the example of President Nixon's misinterpretation of Sato Eisaku's comments in 1970. During a dispute over textile imports, Eisaku responded to Nixon's request for assistance in limiting Japanese exports by saying, "Zensho itashimasu" (lit. "I will do my best"). To Eisaku, this was an indirect way of saying, "no" (since to do so directly would have been contrary to the principles of haragei); however Nixon took it as a promise of assistance.^[3]

Haragei also functions as a method of leadership, replacing direct orders to subordinates with subtle, non-verbal signals. It is considered a desirable trait in a leader in Japan.^[6]

In martial arts circles, haragei refers to those arts which supposedly enabled the practitioner to sense threats or anticipate an opponent's movements.^[7][8]