Kata (型 or 形 literally: "form") is a Japanese word describing detailed choreographed patterns of movements practised either solo or in pairs. The term form is used for the corresponding concept in non-Japanese martial arts in general.
The basic goal of kata is to preserve and transmit proven techniques and
to practice self defence. By practicing in a repetitive manner the
learner develops the ability to execute those techniques and movements
in a natural, reflex-like manner.
Kata are used in many traditional Japanese arts such as theater forms like kabuki and schools of tea ceremony (chadō), but are most commonly known for the presence in the martial arts. Kata are used by most traditional Japanese and Okinawan martial arts, such as aikidō, iaidō, jōdō, jūdō, jūjutsu, kenjutsu, kendō and karate. Other arts such as t'ai chi ch'uan and taekwondo feature the same kind of training, but use the respective Chinese and Korean words taolu and hyeong, respectively.
Randori (乱取り) is a term used in Japanese martial arts to describe free-style practice.
The term literally means "chaos taking" or "grasping freedom," implying a freedom from the structured practice of kata.
Randori may be contrasted with kata, as two potentially complementary types of training.
The exact meaning of randori depends on the martial art it is used in. In judo, jujitsu and Shodokan Aikido,
among others, it most often refers to one-on-one sparring where
partners attempt to resist and counter each other's techniques. In other
styles of aikido, in particular Aikikai,
it refers to a form of practice in which a designated aikidoka defends
against multiple attackers in quick succession without knowing how they
will attack or in what order.
In Steven Seagal's
Tenshin Aikido Federation (affiliated with the Aikikai), the randori is
different from that of Aikikai—the attackers can do anything to the
defender (e.g. punch, grab, kick, etc.),
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