Namahage

Namahage (生剥^?)^[1] in traditional Japanese folklore is a demonlike being, portrayed by men wearing oversized ogre masks and traditional straw capes (mino^(ja)) during a New Year's ritual^[2] of the Oga Peninsula^[3] area of Akita Prefecture in northern Honshū, Japan.^[4]

The frightfully dressed men, armed with deba knives (albeit fake ones that are wooden^[3] or made of papier-mâché) and toting a teoke (手桶 "hand pail" made of wood^?),^[2] marching in pairs or threes going door-to-door making rounds of peoples' homes, admonishing children who may be guilty of laziness or bad behavior,^[2] yelling phrases like "Are there any crybabies around?" (泣く子はいねがぁ nakugo wa inēgā?^?)^[5] or "Are naughty kids around?" (悪い子はいねえか waruigo wa inēka?^?). (The speech is in the pronunciation and accent of the local dialect).

The above description is the modern rendition of the namahage visit, but the practice has shifted over the years.

An obvious purpose of the festival is to encourage young children to obey their parents and to behave, important qualities in Japan's heavily structured society.

Parents know who the Namahage actors are each year and might request them to teach specific lessons to their children during their visit.^[12] The Namahage repeat the lessons to the children before leaving the house.^[13]

Some ethnologists and folklorists suggest it relates to a belief in deities (or spirits) coming from abroad to take away misfortune and bring blessings for the new year,^[14] while others believe it is an agricultural custom where the kami from the sacred mountains visit.

Read the legend.

Honshu (本州 Honshū^?, literally "Main Province") ([hoɴɕuː] ( listen)) is the largest island of Japan. 
Deba bōchō (出刃包丁, literally: pointed carving knife) are Japanese style kitchen carvers primarily used to cut fish, though also used when cutting meat.

Jinba ittai

Jinba ittai (人馬一体^?, "person [and] horse [as] one body") is a Japanese four-character compound describing unity of horse and rider which is pertinent to Yabusame, Japanese mounted archery.

The term was used in the development of the Mazda MX-5 to describe a driver's connection with the car.^[1]

Oroshi

Oroshi (颪 lit, down wind^?), is the Japanese term for a wind blowing strong down the slope of a mountain, occasionally as strong gusts of wind which can cause damage.^[1] Oroshi is a strong local wind across the Kanto Plain on the Japan Sea side of central Honshu.^[2] This term identifies a katabatic wind.^[3]

The Oroshi wind is mentioned in Japanese poetry, including a poem which is included in the Hyakunin Isshu.^[4]         

ukarikeru

hito wo hatsuse no

yama-oroshi yo

hageshikare to ha

inoranu mano wo

— Minamoto no Toshiyori^[4]

^Translation: 

      Make that heartless

woman, O mountain storm

    of Hatsuse Temple,

crueller still!"– this is not

what I prayed for, and yet ...


Minamoto no Shunrai also Minamoto Toshiyori (源 俊頼^?, 1055 – January 29, 1129) was an important and innovative Japanese poet, who compiled the Gosen Wakashū.

Ikigai

Ikigai (生き甲斐, pronounced [ikiɡai]) is a Japanese concept meaning 'a reason for being'.

Everyone, according to the Japanese, has an ikigai.

Finding it requires a deep and often lengthy search of self.

Such a search is regarded as being very important, since it is believed that discovery of one's ikigai brings satisfaction and meaning to life.

In the culture of the Japanese Island of Okinawa, Ikigai is thought of as "a reason to get up in the morning", that is, a reason to enjoy life.

VAAM (Vespa Amino Acid Mixture)

The Japanese giant hornet (Oo-Suzumebachi) is large and fearsome, but it is not particularly aggressive unless it feels threatened.

Workers forage to feed their siblings. Their diet consists of a wide range of insects, including crop pests, and for this reason the hornets are regarded as beneficial. The workers dismember the bodies of their victims to return only the most nutrient-rich body parts, such as flight muscles, to the nest. There, the workers chew the prey into a paste before feeding the larvae who in return produce a fluid consumed by the workers. This fluid is known as vespa amino acid mixture (VAAM). The fluid enables intensive muscle activities over extended periods, allowing them to fly 100 kilometres (62 mi) per day and reach up to 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph).

Synthetic VAAM is being produced artificially as a dietary supplement to increase athletic performance^{[citation needed]}

In many Japanese mountain villages, the hornet is considered a delicacy when fried.^[1]

The Japanese giant hornet has a venom which is injected by the 6.25 mm-long (quarter-inch) stinger and attacks the nervous system and damages tissues of its victims.^[1]

Tests with mice find the venom not to be among the most lethal, having an LD₅₀ of 4.1 mg/kg, which compares to the deadliest wasp venom (to mice) by weight of Vespa luctuosa at 1.6 mg/kg. The potency of the sting is due to the relatively large amount of venom injected.^[2]

Being stung is extremely painful and requires hospital treatment. On average 40 people die every year of anaphylactic shock after having been stung,^[1] which makes the Japanese giant hornet the most lethal animal in Japan (bears kill about ten people and venomous snakes kill five to ten people each year).

Kakurezato

A Hidden Village (隠れ里 Kakurezato^?) was a remote settlement in Japan during its Feudal Period.

Often characterized by their inaccessibility and ease of defense, tradition holds that these villages were the dwelling place of the Ninja.

An example of the location of one of these villages can be found in Kamakura, Kanagawa near Sasuke Inari Shrine.^[1]

Rōnin and Yobikō

In Japan, a rōnin (浪人^?, ろうにん) is a student who has graduated from middle school or high school but has failed to enter a school at the next level, and consequently is studying outside of the school system for entrance in a future year.^[1][2] Rōnin may study at a yobikō.

The term "rōnin" is colloquial; the word kanendosei (過年度生^?) is more formal. "Rōnin" derives from their having no school to attend, as a ronin (a masterless samurai) had no leader to serve.
Sometimes the term 二浪 (sort form) or 二年浪人 (full form, 二年 - second year) is used for student, who failed exams twice.

Yobikō (予備校^?) are privately run schools that are marketed to students taking examinations held each year in Japan from January to March to determine college admissions.

These students generally have graduated from high school but have failed to enter the school of their choice.

This test, unlike the French Baccalauréat or the South Korean College Scholastic Ability Test, has different versions with different schools looking for results from different exams. In Japan, this test is generally considered the most important event in a child's education. Students who fail may spend a year or more studying to retake the examination. They are sometimes referred to as rōnin, after masterless samurai.

Wanko Soba

Wanko Soba (わんこそば^?) is a style of Japanese soba noodles originating from Iwate Prefecture in Japan, particularly Morioka and Hanamaki. It consists of a small serving of soba noodles in a small bowl.

The name Wanko comes from the regional dialect of the Iwate Prefecture from which it comes, meaning "bowl", but more specifically, a small, wooden Japanese soup bowl. There are many theories about the origin of the dish itself however.

• One such origin is of a landowner who was having a festival on his land. There was a crowd of over 100 villagers and guests who customarily ate soba at festivals. However, there were so many people to feed but the pots in which the soba were to be made were very small. The soba noodles were spread around in reduced quantities so that there would be enough for everyone.
• Nanbu Toshinao (a powerful territorial lord) of the Toshinao family came and stopped at a house in a blacksmith town asking for a meal. The house, in Hanamaki, happened to be facing Edo. The owner of the house, timidly, served Nanbu Toshinao soba noodles in a small soup bowl. The owner of the house, thinking he served the Nanbu Toshinao something without much flavor, let him eat it. But Nanbu Toshinao thought it was delicious, establishing the dish, as the story goes.

There are many stories of how the dish came to be, but these two are the most common. However, the term "Wanko" did not come about until after World War II, some repudiate the stories.

In December 1957 in Hanamaki, the Wanko Winter Sumo Place put on an exhibit in which participants from many countries contested to see who could eat the most bowls of wanko soba. The modern way of eating wanko soba was born.

Edo (江戸 Edo^?, literally "bay-entrance" or "estuary"), also romanized as Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo.

Suikinkutsu

A suikinkutsu (水琴窟^?, literally "water koto cave") is a type of Japanese garden ornament and music device. It consists of an upside down buried pot with a hole at the top. Water drips through the hole at the top onto a small pool of water inside of the pot, creating a pleasant splashing sound that rings inside of the pot similar to a bell or a Japanese zither called koto. It is usually built next to a traditional Japanese stone basin called chōzubachi.

Constructing a suikinkutsu is more difficult than it looks, because all components have to be finely tuned with each other to ensure a good sound. The most important piece of a suikinkutsu is the jar, the upside down pot buried underground.

The sound of a suikinkutsu has its own name in Japanese, called suikin'on. the sounds can furthermore be divided in two sub groups, ryūsuion and suitekion. The ryūsuion is the sound of the first few water drops at the beginning of washing hands. The suitekion describes both the sound of a lot of water falling at the same time during washing hands and the slower drops at the end of the washing.

An important part of the idea behind the suikinkutsu is that the device is hidden from the view. Instead, the visitor washes his/her hands, and suddenly hears the pleasant sounds coming from underground. The act of washing the hands can also be considered as playing the suikinkutsu, and the sounds emerge shortly after the washing. This clear sound of water drops is considered relaxing and soothing, and also described as beautiful and peaceful.

Modern suikinkutsu are not always located next to a chōzubachi as traditionally required.

Historically, suikinkutsu were known as tōsuimon (洞水門^?, literally "water gate"), but they were rarely used in Japanese gardens.

Kyaraben (Character Bentō)

Kyaraben or charaben (キャラ弁^?), a shortened form of character bento (キャラクター弁当 kyarakutā bentō^?), is a style of elaborately arranged bento which features food decorated to look like people, characters from popular media, animals, and plants.^[1]

Japanese homemakers often spend time devising their families' meals,^[2] including their boxed lunches.

Originally, a decorated bento was intended to interest children in their food and to encourage a wider range of eating habits. It has now evolved to the point where national contests are held.^[3]

Shishi-odoshi: Sōzu

Shishi-odoshi (鹿威し lit. means "scare the deer" in Japanese^?). In a wide sense, it refers to Japanese devices made to scare away birds and beasts damaging agriculture, such as the kakashi (scarecrow), naruko (clappers) and sōzu.

In a narrower sense, it is synonymous with sōzu.
 
Sōzu is a type of water fountain used in Japanese gardens.

It consists of a segmented tube, usually of bamboo, pivoted to one side of its balance point. At rest, its heavier end is down and resting against a rock. A trickle of water into the upper end of the tube accumulates and eventually moves the tube's centre of gravity past the pivot, causing the tube to rotate and dump out the water. The heavier end then falls back against the rock, making a sharp sound, and the cycle repeats. This noise is intended to startle any herbivores such as deer or boars which may be grazing on the plants in the garden.

Takuan

Takuan (沢庵^?), also known as takuwan or takuan-zuke, is a popular traditional Japanese preserved vegetable.

It is made from daikon radish. In addition to being served alongside other types of tsukemono in traditional Japanese cuisine, takuan is also enjoyed at the end of meals as it is thought to aid digestion. In Korean it is known as danmuji (단무지) and is typically added to gimbap or served as a side dish in Korean Chinese cuisine.

Takuan is made by first hanging a daikon radish in the sun for a few weeks until it becomes flexible. Next, the daikon is placed in a pickling crock and covered with a mix of salt, rice bran, optionally sugar, daikon greens, kombu, and perhaps chilli pepper and/or dried persimmon peels. A weight is then placed on top of the crock, and the daikon is allowed to pickle for several months. The finished takuan is usually yellow in color, although most mass-produced takuan rely on food coloring for this effect.

Takuan Sōhō is credited with concocting this yellow pickle, which now bears his name.^[1]


Tsukemono (漬物^?, literally "pickled things") are Japanese preserved vegetables.^[1] 
Takuan Sōhō (沢庵 宗彭^?, December 24, 1573 – January 27, 1645) was a major figure in the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism.

Tsukimi

Tsukimi (月見^?) or Otsukimi, literally moon-viewing, refers to Japanese festivals honoring the autumn moon. The celebration of the full moon typically takes place on the 15th day of the eighth month of the traditional Japanese lunisolar calendar; the waxing moon is celebrated on the 13th day of the ninth month. These days normally fall in September and October of the modern solar calendar.

The tradition dates to the Heian era, and is now so popular in Japan that some people repeat the activities for several evenings following the appearance of the full moon during the eighth lunisolar month.

On the evening of the full moon, it is traditional to gather in a place where the moon can be seen clearly and give offerings to the moon in order to pray for an abundant harvest.

Tsukimi traditions include displaying decorations made from Japanese pampas grass (susuki) and eating rice dumplings called Tsukimi dango in order to celebrate the beauty of the moon.

Seasonal produce are also displayed as offerings to the moon. Sweet potatoes are offered to the full moon, while beans or chestnuts are offered to the waxing moon the following month. The alternate names of the celebrations, Imomeigetsu　(literally "potato harvest moon") and Mamemeigetsu ("bean harvest moon") or Kurimeigetsu ("chestnut harvest moon") are derived from these offerings.

These dishes are known collectively as Tsukimi dishes (月見料理 tsukimi ryōri^?). 

Tsukimi refers to the Japanese tradition of holding parties to view the harvest moon. The custom is thought to have originated with Japanese aristocrats during the Heian period,^{[citation needed]} who would gather to recite poetry under the full moon of the eighth month of the lunisolar calendar, known as the "Mid-Autumn Moon." Since ancient times, Japanese people have described the eighth lunisolar month (corresponding to September on the contemporary Gregorian calendar) as the best time for looking at the moon, since the relative positions of the earth, sun, and moon cause the moon to appear especially bright.^{[citation needed]}
 
Susuki is a grass native to eastern Asia throughout most of China, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. 
The Full Harvest Moon is the full moon that occurs closest to the autumnal equinox.

Japanese Martial Arts Titles

Martial artists often address their teachers as sensei. Junior and senior students are organized via a senpai/kōhai system. Also in some systems of karate, O´Sensei is the title of the (deceased) head of the style.

Various titles are also employed to refer to senior instructors. Which titles are used depends on the particular licensing organization.

Shōgō

Shōgō (称号^?, Japanese for "title","degree") are martial arts titles developed by the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai,^[1] the Kokusai Budoin and the International Martial Arts Federation Europe. Many organizations in Japan award such titles upon a sincere study and dedication of Japanese martial arts. The below mentioned titles are awarded after observing a person's martial arts skills, his/her ability of teaching and understanding of martial arts and the mostly important a role model and perfection of one's character.

• Renshi (錬士 : れんし^?): Polished Instructor. (Skilled person or expert teacher) Awarded to 5th Dan and above.
• Kyōshi (教士 : きょうし^?) refers to an advanced teacher. (Senior Teacher/Expert). Awarded to 7th Dan and above.
• Hanshi (範士 : はんし^?) refers to a senior expert considered a "teacher of teachers". This title is used by many different arts for the top few instructors of that style, and is sometimes translated "Grand Master". Awarded to 8th Dan and above.
• Meijin (名人^?): awarded by a special board of examiners.

Other martial arts titles

• Kensei (剣聖^?, sword's saint) an honorary title given to a warrior of legendary skill in swordsmanship.
• Kyōshi (教師 : きょうし^?), which in everyday Japanese can be a more modest synonym for sensei, is sometimes used to indicate an instructor.
• Oyakata (親方 : おやかた^?), master, especially a sumo coach. The literal sense is of someone in loco parentis.
• Shihan (師範 : しはん^?), merely means chief instructor; unlike the titles above it is not related to grade.
• Shidōin (指導員:しどういん^?), intermediate instructor, also unrelated to grade.
• Shishō (師匠 : ししょう^?) is another title used for martial arts instructors.
• Zeki (関 : ぜき^?), literally "barrier", used for sumo wrestlers in the top two divisions (sekitori).

Heian-kyō and Heian Period

Heian-kyō (平安京, literally "tranquility and peace capital"), was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto.

It was the capital of Japan for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180.

Emperor Kammu established it as the capital in 794, moving the Imperial Court there from nearby Nagaoka-kyō at the recommendation of his advisor Wake no Kiyomaro and marking the beginning of the Heian period of Japanese history.^[1]

The Heian period (平安時代 Heian jidai^?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185.^[1] The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto.

It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height.

The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family.^[2]

The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period.

Tsūtenkaku and Billiken

Tsūtenkaku (通天閣^?, lit. "Tower Reaching Heaven") owned by Tsūtenkaku Kanko Co., Ltd. is a tower and well-known landmark of Osaka, Japan and advertises Hitachi. It is located in the Shinsekai district of Naniwa-ku, Osaka. Its total height is 103 m: the main observation deck is at a height of 91 m.

The current tower is the second to occupy the site. The original tower, patterned after the Eiffel Tower, was built in 1912, and was connected to the adjacent amusement park, Luna Park, by an aerial cable car. At the time of its construction, its height of 64 meters made it the second tallest structure in Asia. It quickly became one of the most popular locations in the city, drawing visitors from all over the area. The original structure suffered a fire in 1943 which severely damaged it, and rather than repair the structure, it was disassembled and the steel used for the war effort.^[1]

After the war, citizens lobbied to rebuild the beloved tower. A private company, the Tsūtenkaku Kanko Co. Ltd. was established and Tachū Naitō, Japan's "Father of Towers" was selected to design it. The new, eight-sided structure was opened in 1956.^[2]

On the fifth floor observation deck is enshrined Billiken, the God of Happiness or "things as they ought to be." Billiken, a popular American charm doll that came to Japan in about 1910, was enshrined within Luna Park when it opened. When the park closed in 1923, the wooden statue of Billiken went missing. As a part of an effort to revive the tower, a copy of Billiken was made from an old photograph and placed inside the tower in 1979. The statue of Billiken became closely associated with the tower and is a popular symbol of good luck. Each year thousands of visitors place a coin in his donation box and rub the soles of his feet to make their wishes come true.

The Billiken was a star in Sakamoto Junji's 1996 comedy Billiken in which the statue is restored to the Tsutenkaku in an effort to revive the popularity of the tower and save Shinsekai.^[8]

The tower is also famous for its neon lights, which change every few years (they were shut off during the oil crisis of 1974–76). Hitachi has sponsored the tower since 1957, and the light designs usually spell out Hitachi advertisements, although one side of the tower is usually occupied by a public service announcement.

Kaomoji (Japanese Emoticons)

Users from Japan popularized a style of emoticons called Kaomoji (顔文字) that can be understood without tilting one's head to the left.

This style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986.^[11][12]
Similar looking emoticons were used by Byte Information Exchange (BIX) around the same time.^[13]

These emoticons are usually found in a format similar to (*_*). The asterisks indicate the eyes; the central character, commonly an underscore, the mouth; and the parentheses, the outline of the face.

Different emotions such as (")(-_-)("), are expressed by changing the character representing the eyes, for example "T" can be used to express crying or sadness (T_T).

The emphasis on the eyes is reflected in the common usage of emoticons that use only the eyes, e.g. ^^.

Looks of stress are represented by the likes of (x_x) while (-_-;) is a generic emoticon for nervousness, the semicolon indicating sweat that occurs during anxiety.

Repeating the /// mark can indicate embarrassment by symbolizing blushing. Characters like hyphens or periods can replace the underscore; the period is often used for a smaller, "cuter" mouth or to represent a nose, e.g. (^.^). Alternatively, the mouth/nose can be left out entirely, e.g. (^^).

The parentheses also can often be replaced with braces, e.g. {^_^}. Many times, the parentheses are left out completely, e.g. ^^, >.< , o_O, O.O, e_e, e.e.

A quotation mark ", apostrophe ', or semicolon ; can be added to the emoticon to imply apprehension or embarrassment, in the same way that a sweat drop is used in popular and common Asian animation.

Chikuwa

Chikuwa (竹輪^?) is a Japanese tube-like food product made from ingredients such as fish surimi, salt, sugar, starch, monosodium glutamate and egg white. After mixing them well, they are wrapped around a bamboo or metal stick and steamed or broiled. 

The word chikuwa, ("bamboo ring") comes from the shape when it is sliced.

As it is cheap and a relatively low-fat source of protein, chikuwa is popular as a snack.

In Tottori, the per-household consumption has been the highest of all prefectures for the past 30 years, since the first year such records were kept.
 
There are several regional varieties. In the east part of Tottori and part of Nagasaki, tofu chikuwa is produced that adds tofu to surimi. Often, firm tofu is the preferred selection.

In Yawatahama, Ehime, Kawa-chikuwa (literally skin chikuwa) is produced, which uses fish skin wrap around the skewers and broiled. This is a by-product of regular chikuwa, however texture and taste are different.

In Shikokuchūō, Ehime, there is Ebi-chikuwa, which contains shrimp paste in surimi.

In Komatsushima, Tokushima, there is Take chikuwa (literally bamboo chikuwa), which remains on the bamboo after it is broiled.

Australian sushi restaurants may stuff the hollow with cheese, (processed or soft cheeses like Brie) and deep-fry them in tempura batter.

Kokyū

The kokyū (胡弓^?) is a traditional Japanese string instrument, the only one played with a bow.

Although it was introduced to Japan from China along with the shamisen, its material, shape, and sound are unique to Japan.

The instrument also exists in an Okinawan version, called kūchō (胡弓 くーちょー^?) in the Okinawan language.

The instrument is similar in construction to the shamisen, appearing like a smaller version of that instrument.

It is 70 cm (28 inches) tall, with a neck made of ebony and a hollow body made of coconut or Styrax japonica wood, covered on both ends with cat skin (or snakeskin in Okinawa). It has three (or, more rarely, four) strings and is played upright, with the horsetail-strung bow rubbing against the strings.

In central Japan, the kokyū was formerly used as an integral part of the sankyoku ensemble, along with the koto and shamisen, but beginning in the 20th century the shakuhachi most often plays the role previously filled by the kokyū.

Since Shinei Matayoshi, a kokyū and sanshin musician and sanshin maker, invented and popularized a four-stringed version of the kokyū in order to expand the instrument's range, the kokyū has become much more popular. A kokyū society, dedicated to promoting the instrument, exists in Japan.

The kokyū is similar to two Chinese bowed lutes with fingerboards: the leiqin and the zhuihu. In Japanese, the term kokyū may refer broadly to any bowed string instrument of Asian origin, as does the Chinese term huqin. Thus, the Chinese erhu, which is also used by some performers in Japan, is sometimes described as a kokyū, along with the kūchō, leiqin, and zhuihu. The specific Japanese name for erhu is niko.

Yuki Onna

Yuki Onna (雪女^?, snow woman) is a spirit or yōkai in Japanese folklore. She is a popular figure in Japanese literature, manga, and animation.

She may also go by such names as yuki-musume snow girl^[1], yuki-onago "snow wench", yukijorō "snow harlot"^[1], yuki anesa "snow sis'", yuki-omba "snow granny or snow nanny"^[2], yukinba "snow hag"（Ehime）^[2], yukifuri-baba(?) "snowfall hag"^[1](Nagano)^[2].

In many stories, Yuki-onna appears to travelers trapped in snowstorms, and uses her icy breath to leave them as frost-coated corpses. Other legends say she leads them astray so they simply die of exposure.

Yuki-onna appears on snowy nights as a tall, beautiful woman with long black hair and blue lips. Her inhumanly pale or even transparent skin makes her blend into the snowy landscape (as famously described in Lafcadio Hearn's Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things). She sometimes wears a white kimono,^[3] but other legends describe her as nude, with only her face and hair standing out against the snow.^[4] Despite her inhuman beauty, her eyes can strike terror into mortals. She floats across the snow, leaving no footprints (in fact, some tales say she has no feet, a feature of many Japanese ghosts), and she can transform into a cloud of mist or snow if threatened.

Some legends say the Yuki-onna, being associated with winter and snowstorms, is the spirit of someone who perished in the snow.^[5] She is at the same time beautiful and serene, yet ruthless in killing unsuspecting mortals. Until the 18th century, she was almost uniformly portrayed as evil. Today, however, stories often color her as more human, emphasizing her ghost-like nature and ephemeral beauty.^[6] 

In Ranma ½, she is responsible for a snow blizzard and is accompanied by a Snow Monster Guardian.